The preference of tryptophan for membrane interfaces - Insights from n-methylation of tryptophans in gramicidin channels
by Sun, H.; Greathouse, D. V.; Andersen, O. S.; Koeppe, R. E.
To better understand the structural and functional roles of tryptophan at the membrane/water interface in membrane proteins, we examined the structural and functional consequences of Trp -> 1-methyl-tryptophan substitutions in membrane-spanning gramicidin A channels. Gramicidin A channels are miniproteins that are anchored to the interface by four Trps near the C terminus of each subunit in a membrane-spanning dimer. We masked the hydrogen bonding ability of individual or multiple Trps by 1-methylation of the indole ring and examined the structural and functional changes using circular dichroism spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, solid state H-2 NMR spectroscopy, and single channel analysis. N-Methylation causes distinct changes in the subunit conformational preference, channel-forming propensity, single channel conductance and lifetime, and average indole ring orientations within the membrane-spanning channels. The extent of the local ring dynamic wobble does not increase, and may decrease slightly, when the indole NH is replaced by the non-hydrogen-bonding and more bulky and hydrophobic N-CH3 group. The changes in conformational preference, which are associated with a shift in the distribution of the aromatic residues across the bilayer, are similar to those observed previously with Trp -> Phe substitutions. We conclude that indole N-H hydrogen bonding is of major importance for the folding of gramicidin channels. The changes in ion permeability, however, are quite different for Trp -> Phe and Trp -> 1-methyl-tryptophan substitutions, indicating that the indole dipole moment and perhaps also ring size and are important for ion permeation through these channels.
- Journal
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 32
- Year
- 2008
- Start Page
- 22233-22243
- URL
- https://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m802074200
- ISBN/ISSN
- 1083-351X; 0021-9258
- DOI
- 10.1074/jbc.m802074200